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Selim III

(Encyclopedia) Selim III, 1761–1808, Ottoman sultan (1789–1807), nephew and successor of Abd al-Hamid I to the throne of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey). He suffered severe defeats in the second of the…

What Makes Versailles So Special?

What makes it different from any other palace? Throughout Western Europe, centuries-old castles and palaces are spread across the countryside. Representing another lifetime and giving insight into…

Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de

(Encyclopedia) Talleyrand or Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice deTalleyrand or Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice detălˈērăndˌ, Fr. shärl mōrēsˈ də tälāräNˈ-pārēgôrˈ [key], 1754–1838, French…

Hugo, Victor Marie, Vicomte

(Encyclopedia) Hugo, Victor Marie, VicomteHugo, Victor Marie, Vicomtehy&oomacr;ˈgō, Fr. vēktôrˈ märēˈ vēkôNtˈ ügōˈ [key], 1802–85, French poet, dramatist, and novelist, b. Besançon. His father…

Ferdinand VII, king of Spain

(Encyclopedia) Ferdinand VII, 1784–1833, king of Spain (1808–33), son of Charles IV and María Luisa. Excluded from a role in the government, he became the center of intrigues against the chief…

Brewer's: Plon-plon

The sobriquet of Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles Bonaparte, son of Jerome Bonaparte. He was nick-named Craint-plon (Fear-bullet) in the Crimean war (1854-1856), a nickname afterwards…

French Revolutionary Wars

(Encyclopedia) French Revolutionary Wars, wars occurring in the era of the French Revolution and the beginning of the Napoleonic era, the decade of 1792–1802. The wars began as an effort to defend…

Azanza, Miguel José de

(Encyclopedia) Azanza, Miguel José deAzanza, Miguel José demēgĕlˈ hōsāˈ dā āthänˈthä [key], 1746–1826, Spanish general and colonial administrator. After brief service in the cabinet of Charles IV, he…

Charles IV, king of Spain

(Encyclopedia) Charles IV, 1748–1819, king of Spain (1788–1808), second son of Charles III, whom he succeeded in place of his imbecile older brother. Unlike his father, Charles IV was an ineffective…