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Brewer's: Wages

Giles Moore, in 1659, paid his mowers sixteenpence an acre. In 1711 Timothy Burrell, Esq., paid twentypence an acre; in 1686 he paid Mary his cook…

Brewer's: Kings

Of the 2,550 sovereigns who have hitherto reigned, 300 have been overthrown. 134 have been assassinated. 123 have been taken captive in war. 108 have been executed. 100 have been slain in…

Brewer's: Sirloin of Beef

A corruption of Surloin. (French, surlonge.) La partie due baeuf qui reste aprèsqu'on en a coupél'épaule et la cuisse. In Queen Elizabeth's “Progresses,” one of the items mentioned under…

Brewer's: Barber's Pole

The gilt knob at the end represents a brass basin, which is sometimes actually suspended on the pole. The basin has a notch cut in it to fit the throat, and was used for lathering…

Chester, city, England

(Encyclopedia) Chester, city, Cheshire West and Chester, W central England, on a sandstone height above the Dee River. It is a railroad junction.…

Duke: Royal Titles and Noble Ranks

Top of Page Royal titles and noble ranks have long been an essential part of the monarchy, and the English royal family in particular — and the role of a duke is no different. The British peerage…

Rome, University of

(Encyclopedia) Rome, University of, at Rome, Italy; founded 1303 by Pope Boniface VIII. It has faculties of jurisprudence; political science; economics and commerce; statistics, demography, and…

Movies and Film: The Beginnings

The BeginningsMovies and FilmBritish Film HistoryThe BeginningsShooting (in) the WarThe Lean YearsEngland's Left Foot: Irish Cinema In the closing years of the nineteenth century and the earliest…

Frederick VIII, king of Denmark

(Encyclopedia) Frederick VIII, 1843–1912, king of Denmark (1906–12), son and successor of Christian IX. He fought in the war with Prussia in 1864 and always retained an interest in military affairs.…

Gallicanism

(Encyclopedia) GallicanismGallicanismgălˈĭkənĭzˌəm [key], in French Roman Catholicism, tradition of resistance to papal authority. It was in opposition to ultramontanism, the view that accorded the…