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livery companies

(Encyclopedia) livery companies, London trade guilds incorporated by royal charter, deriving their name from the assumption of distinctive dress (livery) by their members. Edward III granted the…

Leo X, pope

(Encyclopedia) Leo X, 1475–1521, pope (1513–21), a Florentine named Giovanni de' Medici; successor of Julius II. He was the son of Lorenzo de' Medici, was made a cardinal in his boyhood, and was head…

Tyndale, William

(Encyclopedia) Tyndale, Tindal, or Tindale, WilliamTyndale, Tindal, or Tindale, Williamall: tĭnˈdəl [key], c.1494–1536, English biblical translator (see Bible) and Protestant martyr. He was probably…

The not-so-Virgin Queen

Joseph Fiennes plays alleged paramour Lord Robert Dudley Now about that young swain: Let's just say the film leaves little doubt that Elizabeth was the Virgin Queen in name only.…

Brewer's: Tester

A sixpence. Called testone (teste, a head) because it was stamped on one side with the head of the reigning sovereign. Similarly, the head canopy of a bed is called its tester (Italian,…

Brewer's: Defender of the Faith

A title given by Pope Leo X. to Henry VIII. of England, in 1521, for a Latin treatise On the Seven Sacraments. Many previous kings, and even subjects, had been termed “defenders of the…

The Divine Comedy: Inferno: Canto VIII

Inferno: Canto VIIInferno: Canto IXInferno: Canto VIII I say, continuing, that long before We to the foot of that high tower had come, Our eyes went upward to the summit of it, By…

The Divine Comedy: Paradiso: Canto VIII

Paradiso 74 - Paradiso: Canto VII Paradiso: Canto IX - 76 Paradiso: Canto VIII The world used in its peril to believe That the fair Cypria delirious love Rayed out, in the third…

The Divine Comedy: Purgatorio: Canto VIII

Purgatorio 41 - Purgatorio: Canto VII Purgatorio: Canto IX - 43 Purgatorio: Canto VIII 'Twas now the hour that turneth back desire In those who sail the sea, and melts the heart…

Rulers of England and Great Britain

"I know the Kings of England and I quote the fights historical" The Kingdom of England has existed in many forms since the early Middle Ages, and early on there were many kingdoms in what is now…