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Gordon, Bruce S.

(Encyclopedia) Gordon, Bruce S., 1946–, African-American business executive and civil-rights leader, b. Camden, N.J.; grad. Gettysburg College (B.A., 1968), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.S…

Lynch, John Roy

(Encyclopedia) Lynch, John Roy, 1847–1939, African-American politician, b. near Vidala, La. Born a slave, he became active in the Republican party after the Civil War in Natchez, Miss., and served (…

Rustin, Bayard

(Encyclopedia) Rustin, Bayard, 1910–87, African-American civil-rights leader, b. West Chester, Pa. He attended three colleges but did not obtain a degree. A Quaker, he was imprisoned as a…

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

(Encyclopedia) Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), civil-rights organization founded in 1957 by Martin Luther King, Jr., and headed by him until his assassination in 1968. Composed…

The History of African American Cities

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, African Americans were creating their own communities within cities across the United States. These cities became hubs of Black culture, commerce, and political…

Bell, Derrick Albert, Jr.

(Encyclopedia) Bell, Derrick Albert, Jr., 1930–2011, American lawyer, legal scholar, and educator, b. Pittsburgh, Pa., grad. Duquesne Univ. (A.B., 1952), Univ. of Pittsburgh Law School (LL.B., 1957…

Butts, Calvin O., III

(Encyclopedia) Butts, Calvin O., III, 1949–2022, African-American pastor and social justice leader, b. Bridgeport, Conn., B.A. Morehouse College (…