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Muawiya

(Encyclopedia) MuawiyaMuawiyam&oomacr;äˈwēä [key], d. 680, 1st Umayyad caliph (661–80), one of the greatest Muslim statesmen; son of Abu Sufyan, a Koreish tribesman of Mecca. He submitted to…

Fath Ali Shah

(Encyclopedia) Fath Ali ShahFath Ali Shahfäth älēˈ shäˈ, fät [key], also spelled Feth Ali Shah, 1762–1834, shah of Persia (1797–1834), nephew and successor of Aga Muhammad Khan, founder of the Qajar…

Bornu

(Encyclopedia) BornuBornubôrˈn&oomacr; [key], former Muslim state, mostly in NE Nigeria, extending S and W of Lake Chad. It began its existence as a separate state in the late 14th cent. From the…

Ahmed I

(Encyclopedia) Ahmed IAhmed Iäˈmĕd [key], 1589–1617, Ottoman sultan (1603–17), son and successor of Muhammad III to the throne of the Ottoman Empire. The chief event of his reign was the Treaty of…

Umar

(Encyclopedia) UmarUmar&oomacr;märˈ [key] or OmarUmarōˈmär [key], c.581–644, 2d caliph (see caliphate). At first hostile to Islam, he was converted by 618, becoming an adviser to Muhammad. He…

Vlad IV

(Encyclopedia) Vlad IV, 1431?–1476, prince of Walachia (1448, 1456–62, 1476), known as Vlad the Impaler. He was the son of Prince Vlad Dracul (Vlad the Devil) and is therefore also called Dracula or…

Who's Who in Afghanistan

A look at some of the key players by David Johnson Hamid Karzai, former president of Afghanistan. Source: AP Photo/Allauddin Khan. Afghanistan's location between India, Persia, China, and the…

Ramadan

Ramadan, also called ar-Ramadan, Ramadhan-Al-Mubarak, or Ramazan, is the ninth month of the Islamic Calendar, where Muslims all over the world fast for the month. It is based on the lunar calendar…