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buttress

(Encyclopedia) CE5 Types of buttresses buttress, mass of masonry built against a wall to strengthen it. It is especially necessary when a vault or an arch places a heavy load or thrust on one part…

Abbas, Mahmoud

(Encyclopedia) Abbas, MahmoudAbbas, Mahmoudmäkhm&oomacr;dˈ äbäsˈ, mäm&oomacr;dˈ [key], 1935–, Palestinian leader, also known as Abu Mazen. He was born in Saffed, Palestine (now in Israel),…

2003 World History

George W. Bush(1946– )Saddam Hussein(1937– )INA/Reuters/Archive PhotosDonald H. Rumsfeld(1932– )Paul Martin(1938– )2003North Korea withdraws from treaty on the nonproliferation of nuclear…

Muhammed Atef Biography

Muhammed AtefFormer al-Qaeda military leaderBorn: 1944Birthplace: Menoufya, Egypt Born Sobhi Abu Sitta, he took the name Muhammad Atef and other aliases after joining Osama bin Laden's…

The Koran/Preface

Preface It is necessary that some brief explanation should be given with reference to the arrangement of the Suras, or chapters, adopted in this translation of the Koran. It should be…

2005 People in the News

Mahmoud Abbas (Abu Mazen),Jack Abramoff,Mahmoud Ahmadinejad,Askar Akayev,Samuel Alito,Kofi Annan,Lance Armstrong,Bashar al-Assad,Gloria Arroyo,Buster Baxter,Benedict XVI,Tony Blair,Robert Blake,John…

2005 Independent Spirit Awards

The 21st Independent Spirit Awards, honoring excellence in independent film, took place on March 4, 2006, on Santa Monica beach. Feature…

The Koran/Sura XI — Houd

Sura XI — Houd Mecca — 123 Verses In the Name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful ELIF. LAM. RA.[576] A book whose verses are stablished in wisdom and then set forth with clearness…

2004 Presidential Election

—Borgna Brunner In 2004, the United States' major preoccupation was the ongoing war in Iraq. Hopes that Saddam Hussein's capture in Dec. 2003 would stem the country's turmoil faded with a dramatic…