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Freyssinet, Eugène

(Encyclopedia) Freyssinet, EugèneFreyssinet, Eugèneözhĕnˈ frāsēnāˈ [key], 1879–1962, French engineer. Freyssinet was noted as a designer of bridges and industrial buildings. He was the inventor of…

Girardon, François

(Encyclopedia) Girardon, FrançoisGirardon, FrançoisfräNswäˈ zhērärdôNˈ [key], 1628–1715, French sculptor. Chancellor Séguier sent him to study in Paris with François Anguier and later to Rome. On his…

Chabrier, Alexis Emmanuel

(Encyclopedia) Chabrier, Alexis EmmanuelChabrier, Alexis Emmanuelälĕksēˈ ĕmänüĕlˈ shäbrēāˈ [key], 1841–94, French composer. His best-known works are an orchestral rhapsody, España (1883); an opera,…

Castro y Bellvís, Guillén de

(Encyclopedia) Castro y Bellvís, Guillén deCastro y Bellvís, Guillén degēlyānˈ dā käsˈtrō ē bĕlvēsˈ [key], 1569–1631, Spanish dramatist, best known of the Valencian group of playwrights of the Golden…

Machaut, Guillaume de

(Encyclopedia) Machaut, Guillaume deMachaut, Guillaume degēyōmˈ də mäshōˈ [key], c.1300–1377, French poet and composer. Variants of his name include Machault, de Machaudio, and de Mascaudio. He…

Péguy, Charles

(Encyclopedia) Péguy, CharlesPéguy, Charlesshärl pāgēˈ [key], 1873–1914, French poet and writer. Of a poor, working family, he won scholarships and made a brilliant record as a student. He left the…

Constant, Benjamin

(Encyclopedia) Constant, Benjamin (Henri Benjamin Constant de Rebecque)Constant, BenjaminäNrēˈ bäNzhämăNˈ kôNstäNˈ də rəbĕkˈ [key], 1767–1830, French-Swiss political writer and novelist, b. Lausanne…

Godard, Jean-Luc

(Encyclopedia) Godard, Jean-LucGodard, Jean-LuczhäN-lük gôdärˈ [key], 1930–, French film director and scriptwriter, b. Paris. He wrote criticism for a number of Parisian cinema journals in the early…

naturalism, in literature

(Encyclopedia) naturalism, in literature, an approach that proceeds from an analysis of reality in terms of natural forces, e.g., heredity, environment, physical drives. The chief literary theorist…